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Alchemy and the Laboratory Manual from Al-Rāzī to Libavius - Paul Ferguson - 09-05-2023
Gail Taylor.
"Today, when alchemy evokes wizards and crystal balls, it may seem odd to refer to a book of procedures on the transmutation of ordinary metals into
gold as a practical laboratory manual free of mysticism. Yet it was alchemy, the most ancient form of chemistry, which first brought the book and the laboratory
together. Over a thousand years ago, the Persian physician and alchemist Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarīyā al-Rāzī (c. 865 - 923) wrote the earliest laboratory
manual to reach us in its entirety."
http://labos.ulg.ac.be/cipa/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2015/07/79_taylor.pdf